TABLE OF CONTENTS
Liquid
Scintillation Spectrometry 1992
John E.
Noakes, Franz Schönhofer, Henry A. Polach, Editors
Proceedings of the International
Conference on
Advances in Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry
Vienna, Austria, September 14-18, 1992
PREFACE .................................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. vii
A TRIBUTE TO JOHN W. McKLVEEN ............................................................................ viii
EDITORS .................................................................................................................... xi
PARTICIPANTS .......................................................................................................... xiii
INTRODUCTION
The History
of Liquid Scintillation Counting: A Personal View
C-T Peng ..................................................................................................................... 1
METHODS
Sample Preparation and Measurement Techniques
Assessment
of New Features on a Commercial Liquid
Scintillation Spectrometer for Radiocarbon Dating
G T Cook and Robert Anderson .................................................................................. 17
A Combined LSC/NaI
System for Low-Level
Environmental Measurements
Pall Theodorsson, S A Einarsson and E D Ơlafsdóttir ................................................... 23
Microvolume
Liquid Scintillation Counting With Plate Counters
Tuula Stark and Tapio Yrjönen ................................................................................... 31
Single
Photomultiplier Technology for Scintillation Counting in Microplates
Bernie Effertz, Ken Neumann and David
Englert ......................................................... 37
Optimization
and Calibration of a Low Background Liquid Scintillation
Counter for the Simultaneous Determination of Alpha and Beta
Emitters
in Aqueous Samples
J A Sanchez-Cabeza, Lluis Pujol, Joan
Merino, Luis Leon, Jaume Molero,
Aleix Vidal-Quadras, W R Schell and P I Mitchell............................................................. 43
Selectable
Delay Before Burst - A Novel Feature to
Enhance Low-Level Counting Performance
C J Passo, Jr. and M J Kessler ...................................................................................... 51
Comparison
of a Modified Integral Counting Method and Efficiency Tracing
Method for the Determination of Rn-222 by Liquid
Scintillation Counting
Yoshio Homma, Yuko Murase and Keiko Handa............................................................ 59
Determination
of Atmospheric Radioactivity Using a
Membrane Filter and Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry
Yoshio Homma, Yuko Murase and Keiko Handa .......................................................... 63
Reliability
of Activity Determined by Cerenkov
Measurements in a Liquid Scintillation
Counter
Makoto Takiue, Haruo Fujii and Tamaru
Aburai ........................................................... 69
Low-Level Pu-241
Analysis by Supported-Disk Liquid Scintillation Counting
T P Ryan, P I Mitchell, J Vives i Batlle,
J A Sanchez-Cabeza,
A T McGarry and W R Schell ...................................................................................... 75
The
Determination of Low Levels of Radium Isotopes and Radon
by Delayed-Coincidence
Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry
Ferdinand Buheitel ..................................................................................................... 83
The Effect
of Counting Conditions on Determining
Radiostrontium and Other Beta Emitters
by Liquid Scintillation
M M Ribera, J S Mestres, J F Garcia and
Gemma Rauret .............................................. 89
Adsorption
Correction in Ca-45 and Sr-89 Activity
Determination by Liquid Scintillation
Counting
Leonor Rodríguez Barquero and J M Los
Arcos ............................................................. 97
In-Line
Control of a Waste Treatment Process by Solid Scintillation Counting
Ulrich Wenzel .......................................................................................................... 105
Production
of Impurities in Benzene Synthesis for Liquid Scintillation
Counting and its
Effect on High-Precision Radiocarbon Measurements
David Witkin, R M Kalin, Austin Long, M J
Rigali and Bartholomew Nagy ..................... 115
Radiocarbon
Dating Beyond 50,000 Years by Liquid Scintillation Counting
F G McCormac, R M Kalin and Austin Long ................................................................ 125
Counting
Performance and Design of 0.3-ml to 10-m1 Synthetic Silica
Liquid Scintillation Vials for Low-Level C-14 Determination
A G Hogg ................................................................................................................. 135
Scintillators and Solvents
The Role of
Auxiliary Scintillators for Gamma Spectroscopy and
Low-Level Counting
Applications
John E Noakes, Robert J Valenta and
Robert S Schreiner............................................ 143
Analysis of
Solvent Components in Commercial Liquid Scintillation Cocktails
C-T Peng and S Q Liu .............................................................................................. 157
A Study of
Several Commercial Liquid Scintillation Cocktails
for Measurement of Low Levels of Tritium in Water
J S Mestres, Pilar Rajadel and Gemma
Rauret ............................................................ 165
A Meltable
Thermoplastic Scintillator
Jari Suontausta, Timo Oikari and Stuart
Webb .......................................................... 173
Plastic
Scintillators: Some Novel Applications
James Thomson........................................................................................................ 179
Effect of
Viscosity on Quench Characteristics of Solvents for
Liquid Scintillation
Counting
Jan ter Wiel ............................................................................................................. 185
Alpha Measurements
The Growth
of a Radioanalytical Method: Alpha Liquid
Scintillation Spectrometry
W Jack McDowell and Betty L McDowell .................................................................... 193
Alpha Liquid
Scintillation Analysis: Some Recent
Developments and Applications
Dazhu Yang ............................................................................................................. 201
Determination
of Uranium Series Radionuclide Pa-231
Using Liquid Scintillation Counting
Leena Saarinen and Juhani Suksi ............................................................................. 209
Simultaneous
Measurement of Alpha and Beta Emissions on Ready Cap®
Stephen W Wunderly ................................................................................................ 217
The Relation
Between Photomultiplier Tube Output
Pulse Shapes and Alpha/Beta Separation Efficiency
J M Pates, G T Coop A B MacKenzie and James Thomson............................................. 225
Liquid
Scintillation Counting of Plutonium and/or Americium Concentrations
Jozef L Parus, Wolfgang Raab and Tomasz
Radoszewski ............................................. 233
Standardization
Double-Label
Counting of Heterogeneous Samples
Agustin Grau Carles, Leonor Rodríguez
Barquero
and Agustin Grau Malonda ....................................................................................... 239
Throughput
and Time Distribution Equations Revisited
Charles L Dodson....................................................................................................... 249
The ETDCR
Method of Standardizing Fe-55 and Mn-54
Ryszard Broda and Krzysztof Pochwalski .................................................................... 255
CIEMAT/NIST
Standardization Method Extended to Anode
Outputs for Beta and Electron-Capture Nuclides
J F Ortiz, J M Los Arcos and Agustin Grau
Malonda ..................................................... 261
Liquid Scintillation
Standardization of Ba-133
Andrzej Chylinski and Tomasz Radoszewski ............................................................... 269
BIOSCIENCE APPLICATIONS
Liquid
Scintillation Counting in Molecular Biology
C G Potter................................................................................................................. 277
Recent
Advances in Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA) Technology
R A Jessop ............................................................................................................... 285
Biological
Applications of Microplate Scintillation Counting
Ken Neumann, David Englert and Norbert
Roessler ................................................... 291
The
Measurement of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Activity During Virus Infection
Frances Gotch ......................................................................................................... 297
Scintillating
Microtitration Plates in Immunoassays
Harri Siitari and Timo Oikari ...................................................................................... 301
Simple
Detection Method of P-32- and H-3-Labeled DNA Probes
Harri Siitari, Liisa Meriö and Antti Iitiä ....................................................................... 307
"Filterscint":
A High Efficiency Scintillation
Technique for H-3-Labeled Harvested Samples
C G Potter.................................................................................................................. 313
An
Epidemiological Study Using Passive Radon
Measurement by Liquid Scintillation
Counting
R J A Kappel, Gert Keller, Lothar
Kreienbrock and R M Nickels ..................................... 319
ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
Tritium
Environmental
Tritium in Hydrology: Present State (1992)
Dieter Rank............................................................................................................... 327
Continuous
Tritium Effluent Water Monitor at the Savannah River Site
K J Hofstetter and H T Wilson ................................................................................... 335
A Regional
Network for Investigating Atmospheric Tritium
György Uchrin, Kristóf Kozác, Eszter
Csaba,
Dieter Rank and Vinzenz Rajner................................................................................. 343
Determination
of Environmental Tritium in Tree Rings
Gabriele Wallner ...................................................................................................... 349
Electrolytic
Tritium Enrichment of Natural Water Samples for Tritium Analysis
Uwe Morgenstern, Detlef Hebert and Werner
Stolz .................................................... 355
Radon and Radium
Measurement
of Low Levels of Rn-222 in Water With
Different Commercial Liquid Scintillation Counters
and Pulse-Shape Analysis
Laina Salonen .......................................................................................................... 361
Determination
of Rn-222 in Drinking Water Using
an Alpha/Beta Liquid Scintillation Counter
J D Spaulding and J E Noakes ................................................................................... 373
Liquid
Scintillation Counting Measurements of Radon from
Seepage Groundwater in Lake Biwa, Japan
Kimiko Horiuchi, Tadashi Ishii and Masao Kobayashi .................................................. 383
Determination
of Ra-226 in Lake Sediments by Liquid
Scintillation Counting of Cocktail-Extracted Rn-222
Karl Irlweck and Gabriele Wallner .............................................................................. 391
Determination
of Ra-226, Ra-228 and Ra-224 in
Water and Aqueous Solutions by Means of
Liquid Scintillation Counting
Stanislaw Chalupnik and J M Lebecka ........................................................................ 397
Measurements
of Ra-226, Rn-222 and Uranium in
Ukrainian Groundwater Using Ultra-Low-Level
Liquid Scintillation Counting
A V Zelensky, M G Buzinny, I P Los' .......................................................................... 405
Rapid
Determination of Ra, Rn, Pb, and Po in Water
Using Extractive Liquid
Scintillation
Siegurd Möbius, Poonsak Kamolchote,
Tiana-Lalao
Ramamonjisoa and Mingde Yang .............................................................................. 413
Other Environmental Applications
The
Determination of Th-234 in Oceanic Tracer Studies by Liquid Scintillation
Spectrometry Employing Alpha/Beta Separation Techniques
J M Pates, Robert Anderson, G T Cook and
A B MacKenzie .......................................... 417
Measurement
of Isotopic Uranium in Texas Drinking Water
Supplies by Liquid Scintillation With Alpha-Beta Discrimination
E A Venso, H M Prichard and C L Dodson ................................................................... 425
Control of
Wastewater from a Nuclear Research Institute for
Compliance by Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry
Franz Schönhofer and Karl Buchtela .......................................................................... 431
A Rapid
Method for Determining Sr and Sr-90 from Nuclear Accidents
Kurt Vogl and Paul Gesewsky...................................................................................... 435
Beta-Spectrometric
Determination of Sr-90 in Water, Milk and
Other Samples With an Ultra-Low-Level Liquid Scintillation Counter
M G Buzinny, A V Zelensky and I P Los'....................................................................... 439
Environmental
Monitoring of C-14 in Milk and Agricultural Samples
James B Moore, John E Noakes and James D
Spaulding .............................................. 447
Liquid
Scintillation Counting of Pb-210 in Grass and Soil
J M Lebecka, Antoni Mielnikow, Stanislaw
Chalupnik and Krystan Skubacz.................... 455
Simultaneous
LSC Measurement of K3Co-60(CN)6 and
114mInEDTA Tracers in Groundwater
J M Lebecka, Wojciech Soltyk and Jolanta
Walendziak ................................................. 461
Current
Status of Liquid Scintillation at Westinghouse Hanford Company
J M Barnett, R A Jones, G S Barney, J E
Kurtz, E M Colbert,
S A Callow and D C Hetzer ........................................................................................ 467
AUTHOR INDEX ........................................................................................................ 473
SUBJECT INDEX ....................................................................................................... 477